create a new package, name it as hero, I was thinking super or superb but hero is better name for what it does - the goal is to split the new 'mvc handlers' from the mvc system because they are not the same, users should know that they can use these type of rich binded handlers without controllers as well, like a normal handler and that I implemented here, the old files exist on the mvc package but will be removed at the next commit, I have to decide if we want type aliases for Result or no

Former-commit-id: cb775edc72bedc88aeab4c5a6de6bfc6bd56fae2

_examples/README.md

@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ convert any custom type into a response dispatcher by implementing the `mvc.Resu
 - [Embedding Templates Into App Executable File](view/embedding-templates-into-app/main.go)
 
 
-You can serve [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate) and [hero](https://github.com/shiyanhui/hero/hero) files too, simply by using the `context#ResponseWriter`, take a look at the [http_responsewriter/quicktemplate](http_responsewriter/quicktemplate) and [http_responsewriter/hero] examples.
+You can serve [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate) and [hero templates](https://github.com/shiyanhui/hero/hero) files too, simply by using the `context#ResponseWriter`, take a look at the [http_responsewriter/quicktemplate](http_responsewriter/quicktemplate) and [http_responsewriter/herotemplate](http_responsewriter/herotemplate) examples.
 
 ### Authentication
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ You can serve [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate) and [her
 ### How to Write to `context.ResponseWriter() http.ResponseWriter`
 
 - [Write `valyala/quicktemplate` templates](http_responsewriter/quicktemplate)
-- [Write `shiyanhui/hero` templates](http_responsewriter/hero)
+- [Write `shiyanhui/hero` templates](http_responsewriter/herotemplate)
 - [Text, Markdown, HTML, JSON, JSONP, XML, Binary](http_responsewriter/write-rest/main.go)
 - [Write Gzip](http_responsewriter/write-gzip/main.go)
 - [Stream Writer](http_responsewriter/stream-writer/main.go)

_examples/hero/overview/datamodels/movie.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// file: datamodels/movie.go
+
+package datamodels
+
+// Movie is our sample data structure.
+// Keep note that the tags for public-use (for our web app)
+// should be kept in other file like "web/viewmodels/movie.go"
+// which could wrap by embedding the datamodels.Movie or
+// declare new fields instead butwe will use this datamodel
+// as the only one Movie model in our application,
+// for the shake of simplicty.
+type Movie struct {
+	ID     int64  `json:"id"`
+	Name   string `json:"name"`
+	Year   int    `json:"year"`
+	Genre  string `json:"genre"`
+	Poster string `json:"poster"`
+}

_examples/hero/overview/datasource/movies.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// file: datasource/movies.go
+
+package datasource
+
+import "github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/datamodels"
+
+// Movies is our imaginary data source.
+var Movies = map[int64]datamodels.Movie{
+	1: {
+		ID:     1,
+		Name:   "Casablanca",
+		Year:   1942,
+		Genre:  "Romance",
+		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/1.jpg",
+	},
+	2: {
+		ID:     2,
+		Name:   "Gone with the Wind",
+		Year:   1939,
+		Genre:  "Romance",
+		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/2.jpg",
+	},
+	3: {
+		ID:     3,
+		Name:   "Citizen Kane",
+		Year:   1941,
+		Genre:  "Mystery",
+		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/3.jpg",
+	},
+	4: {
+		ID:     4,
+		Name:   "The Wizard of Oz",
+		Year:   1939,
+		Genre:  "Fantasy",
+		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/4.jpg",
+	},
+	5: {
+		ID:     5,
+		Name:   "North by Northwest",
+		Year:   1959,
+		Genre:  "Thriller",
+		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/5.jpg",
+	},
+}

_examples/hero/overview/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// file: main.go
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/datasource"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/repositories"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/services"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/web/middleware"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/web/routes"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	app := iris.New()
+	app.Logger().SetLevel("debug")
+
+	// Load the template files.
+	app.RegisterView(iris.HTML("./web/views", ".html"))
+
+	// Create our movie repository with some (memory) data from the datasource.
+	repo := repositories.NewMovieRepository(datasource.Movies)
+	// Create our movie service, we will bind it to the movie app's dependencies.
+	movieService := services.NewMovieService(repo)
+	hero.Register(movieService)
+
+	// Register our routes with hero handlers.
+	app.PartyFunc("/hello", func(r iris.Party) {
+		r.Get("/", hero.Handler(routes.Hello))
+		r.Get("/{name}", hero.Handler(routes.HelloName))
+	})
+
+	app.PartyFunc("/movies", func(r iris.Party) {
+		// Add the basic authentication(admin:password) middleware
+		// for the /movies based requests.
+		r.Use(middleware.BasicAuth)
+
+		r.Get("/", hero.Handler(routes.Movies))
+		r.Get("/{id:long}", hero.Handler(routes.MovieByID))
+		r.Put("/{id:long}", hero.Handler(routes.UpdateMovieByID))
+		r.Delete("/{id:long}", hero.Handler(routes.DeleteMovieByID))
+	})
+
+	// http://localhost:8080/hello
+	// http://localhost:8080/hello/iris
+	// http://localhost:8080/movies
+	// http://localhost:8080/movies/1
+	app.Run(
+		// Start the web server at localhost:8080
+		iris.Addr("localhost:8080"),
+		// disables updates:
+		iris.WithoutVersionChecker,
+		// skip err server closed when CTRL/CMD+C pressed:
+		iris.WithoutServerError(iris.ErrServerClosed),
+		// enables faster json serialization and more:
+		iris.WithOptimizations,
+	)
+}

_examples/hero/overview/repositories/movie_repository.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// file: repositories/movie_repository.go
+
+package repositories
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/datamodels"
+)
+
+// Query represents the visitor and action queries.
+type Query func(datamodels.Movie) bool
+
+// MovieRepository handles the basic operations of a movie entity/model.
+// It's an interface in order to be testable, i.e a memory movie repository or
+// a connected to an sql database.
+type MovieRepository interface {
+	Exec(query Query, action Query, limit int, mode int) (ok bool)
+
+	Select(query Query) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool)
+	SelectMany(query Query, limit int) (results []datamodels.Movie)
+
+	InsertOrUpdate(movie datamodels.Movie) (updatedMovie datamodels.Movie, err error)
+	Delete(query Query, limit int) (deleted bool)
+}
+
+// NewMovieRepository returns a new movie memory-based repository,
+// the one and only repository type in our example.
+func NewMovieRepository(source map[int64]datamodels.Movie) MovieRepository {
+	return &movieMemoryRepository{source: source}
+}
+
+// movieMemoryRepository is a "MovieRepository"
+// which manages the movies using the memory data source (map).
+type movieMemoryRepository struct {
+	source map[int64]datamodels.Movie
+	mu     sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+const (
+	// ReadOnlyMode will RLock(read) the data .
+	ReadOnlyMode = iota
+	// ReadWriteMode will Lock(read/write) the data.
+	ReadWriteMode
+)
+
+func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Exec(query Query, action Query, actionLimit int, mode int) (ok bool) {
+	loops := 0
+
+	if mode == ReadOnlyMode {
+		r.mu.RLock()
+		defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	} else {
+		r.mu.Lock()
+		defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	for _, movie := range r.source {
+		ok = query(movie)
+		if ok {
+			if action(movie) {
+				loops++
+				if actionLimit >= loops {
+					break // break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Select receives a query function
+// which is fired for every single movie model inside
+// our imaginary data source.
+// When that function returns true then it stops the iteration.
+//
+// It returns the query's return last known "found" value
+// and the last known movie model
+// to help callers to reduce the LOC.
+//
+// It's actually a simple but very clever prototype function
+// I'm using everywhere since I firstly think of it,
+// hope you'll find it very useful as well.
+func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Select(query Query) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool) {
+	found = r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		movie = m
+		return true
+	}, 1, ReadOnlyMode)
+
+	// set an empty datamodels.Movie if not found at all.
+	if !found {
+		movie = datamodels.Movie{}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// SelectMany same as Select but returns one or more datamodels.Movie as a slice.
+// If limit <=0 then it returns everything.
+func (r *movieMemoryRepository) SelectMany(query Query, limit int) (results []datamodels.Movie) {
+	r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		results = append(results, m)
+		return true
+	}, limit, ReadOnlyMode)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// InsertOrUpdate adds or updates a movie to the (memory) storage.
+//
+// Returns the new movie and an error if any.
+func (r *movieMemoryRepository) InsertOrUpdate(movie datamodels.Movie) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
+	id := movie.ID
+
+	if id == 0 { // Create new action
+		var lastID int64
+		// find the biggest ID in order to not have duplications
+		// in productions apps you can use a third-party
+		// library to generate a UUID as string.
+		r.mu.RLock()
+		for _, item := range r.source {
+			if item.ID > lastID {
+				lastID = item.ID
+			}
+		}
+		r.mu.RUnlock()
+
+		id = lastID + 1
+		movie.ID = id
+
+		// map-specific thing
+		r.mu.Lock()
+		r.source[id] = movie
+		r.mu.Unlock()
+
+		return movie, nil
+	}
+
+	// Update action based on the movie.ID,
+	// here we will allow updating the poster and genre if not empty.
+	// Alternatively we could do pure replace instead:
+	// r.source[id] = movie
+	// and comment the code below;
+	current, exists := r.Select(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		return m.ID == id
+	})
+
+	if !exists { // ID is not a real one, return an error.
+		return datamodels.Movie{}, errors.New("failed to update a nonexistent movie")
+	}
+
+	// or comment these and r.source[id] = m for pure replace
+	if movie.Poster != "" {
+		current.Poster = movie.Poster
+	}
+
+	if movie.Genre != "" {
+		current.Genre = movie.Genre
+	}
+
+	// map-specific thing
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	r.source[id] = current
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return movie, nil
+}
+
+func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Delete(query Query, limit int) bool {
+	return r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		delete(r.source, m.ID)
+		return true
+	}, limit, ReadWriteMode)
+}

_examples/hero/overview/services/movie_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// file: services/movie_service.go
+
+package services
+
+import (
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/datamodels"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/repositories"
+)
+
+// MovieService handles some of the CRUID operations of the movie datamodel.
+// It depends on a movie repository for its actions.
+// It's here to decouple the data source from the higher level compoments.
+// As a result a different repository type can be used with the same logic without any aditional changes.
+// It's an interface and it's used as interface everywhere
+// because we may need to change or try an experimental different domain logic at the future.
+type MovieService interface {
+	GetAll() []datamodels.Movie
+	GetByID(id int64) (datamodels.Movie, bool)
+	DeleteByID(id int64) bool
+	UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id int64, poster string, genre string) (datamodels.Movie, error)
+}
+
+// NewMovieService returns the default movie service.
+func NewMovieService(repo repositories.MovieRepository) MovieService {
+	return &movieService{
+		repo: repo,
+	}
+}
+
+type movieService struct {
+	repo repositories.MovieRepository
+}
+
+// GetAll returns all movies.
+func (s *movieService) GetAll() []datamodels.Movie {
+	return s.repo.SelectMany(func(_ datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		return true
+	}, -1)
+}
+
+// GetByID returns a movie based on its id.
+func (s *movieService) GetByID(id int64) (datamodels.Movie, bool) {
+	return s.repo.Select(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		return m.ID == id
+	})
+}
+
+// UpdatePosterAndGenreByID updates a movie's poster and genre.
+func (s *movieService) UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id int64, poster string, genre string) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
+	// update the movie and return it.
+	return s.repo.InsertOrUpdate(datamodels.Movie{
+		ID:     id,
+		Poster: poster,
+		Genre:  genre,
+	})
+}
+
+// DeleteByID deletes a movie by its id.
+//
+// Returns true if deleted otherwise false.
+func (s *movieService) DeleteByID(id int64) bool {
+	return s.repo.Delete(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
+		return m.ID == id
+	}, 1)
+}

_examples/hero/overview/web/middleware/basicauth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// file: web/middleware/basicauth.go
+
+package middleware
+
+import "github.com/kataras/iris/middleware/basicauth"
+
+// BasicAuth middleware sample.
+var BasicAuth = basicauth.New(basicauth.Config{
+	Users: map[string]string{
+		"admin": "password",
+	},
+})

_examples/hero/overview/web/routes/hello.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// file: web/routes/hello.go
+
+package routes
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero"
+)
+
+var helloView = hero.View{
+	Name: "hello/index.html",
+	Data: map[string]interface{}{
+		"Title":     "Hello Page",
+		"MyMessage": "Welcome to my awesome website",
+	},
+}
+
+// Hello will return a predefined view with bind data.
+//
+// `hero.Result` is just an interface with a `Dispatch` function.
+// `hero.Response` and `hero.View` are the built'n result type dispatchers
+// you can even create custom response dispatchers by
+// implementing the `github.com/kataras/iris/hero#Result` interface.
+func Hello() hero.Result {
+	return helloView
+}
+
+// you can define a standard error in order to re-use anywhere in your app.
+var errBadName = errors.New("bad name")
+
+// you can just return it as error or even better
+// wrap this error with an hero.Response to make it an hero.Result compatible type.
+var badName = hero.Response{Err: errBadName, Code: 400}
+
+// HelloName returns a "Hello {name}" response.
+// Demos:
+// curl -i http://localhost:8080/hello/iris
+// curl -i http://localhost:8080/hello/anything
+func HelloName(name string) hero.Result {
+	if name != "iris" {
+		return badName
+	}
+
+	// return hero.Response{Text: "Hello " + name} OR:
+	return hero.View{
+		Name: "hello/name.html",
+		Data: name,
+	}
+}

_examples/hero/overview/web/routes/movies.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// file: web/routes/movie.go
+
+package routes
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/datamodels"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/hero/overview/services"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris"
+)
+
+// Movies returns list of the movies.
+// Demo:
+// curl -i http://localhost:8080/movies
+func Movies(service services.MovieService) (results []datamodels.Movie) {
+	return service.GetAll()
+}
+
+// MovieByID returns a movie.
+// Demo:
+// curl -i http://localhost:8080/movies/1
+func MovieByID(service services.MovieService, id int64) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool) {
+	return service.GetByID(id) // it will throw 404 if not found.
+}
+
+// UpdateMovieByID updates a movie.
+// Demo:
+// curl -i -X PUT -F "genre=Thriller" -F "poster=@/Users/kataras/Downloads/out.gif" http://localhost:8080/movies/1
+func UpdateMovieByID(ctx iris.Context, service services.MovieService, id int64) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
+	// get the request data for poster and genre
+	file, info, err := ctx.FormFile("poster")
+	if err != nil {
+		return datamodels.Movie{}, errors.New("failed due form file 'poster' missing")
+	}
+	// we don't need the file so close it now.
+	file.Close()
+
+	// imagine that is the url of the uploaded file...
+	poster := info.Filename
+	genre := ctx.FormValue("genre")
+
+	return service.UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id, poster, genre)
+}
+
+// DeleteMovieByID deletes a movie.
+// Demo:
+// curl -i -X DELETE -u admin:password http://localhost:8080/movies/1
+func DeleteMovieByID(service services.MovieService, id int64) interface{} {
+	wasDel := service.DeleteByID(id)
+	if wasDel {
+		// return the deleted movie's ID
+		return iris.Map{"deleted": id}
+	}
+	// right here we can see that a method function can return any of those two types(map or int),
+	// we don't have to specify the return type to a specific type.
+	return iris.StatusBadRequest
+}

_examples/hero/overview/web/views/hello/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!-- file: web/views/hello/index.html -->
+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>{{.Title}} - My App</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+    <p>{{.MyMessage}}</p>
+</body>
+
+</html>

_examples/hero/overview/web/views/hello/name.html

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!-- file: web/views/hello/name.html -->
+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>{{.}}' Portfolio - My App</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+    <h1>Hello {{.}}</h1>
+</body>
+
+</html>

_examples/http_responsewriter/herotemplate/app.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"log"
 
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/http_responsewriter/hero/template"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/_examples/http_responsewriter/herotemplate/template"
 
 	"github.com/kataras/iris"
 )

context/context.go

@@ -92,15 +92,27 @@ func (r *RequestParams) Visit(visitor func(key string, value string)) {
 	})
 }
 
-// GetEntry returns the internal Entry of the memstore, as value
-// if not found then it returns a zero Entry and false.
+var emptyEntry memstore.Entry
+
+// GetEntryAt returns the internal Entry of the memstore based on its index,
+// the stored index by the router.
+// If not found then it returns a zero Entry and false.
+func (r RequestParams) GetEntryAt(index int) (memstore.Entry, bool) {
+	if len(r.store) > index {
+		return r.store[index], true
+	}
+	return emptyEntry, false
+}
+
+// GetEntry returns the internal Entry of the memstore based on its "key".
+// If not found then it returns a zero Entry and false.
 func (r RequestParams) GetEntry(key string) (memstore.Entry, bool) {
 	// we don't return the pointer here, we don't want to give the end-developer
 	// the strength to change the entry that way.
 	if e := r.store.GetEntry(key); e != nil {
 		return *e, true
 	}
-	return memstore.Entry{}, false
+	return emptyEntry, false
 }
 
 // Get returns a path parameter's value based on its route's dynamic path key.

hero/AUTHORS

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Gerasimos Maropoulos <kataras2006@hotmail.com>

hero/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2018 Gerasimos Maropoulos. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+distribution.
+   * Neither the name of Iris nor the name of Iris Hero, nor the names of its
+contributor, Gerasimos Maropoulos, may be used to endorse or promote products
+derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

hero/di.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero/di"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	di.DefaultHijacker = func(fieldOrFuncInput reflect.Type) (*di.BindObject, bool) {
+		if !IsContext(fieldOrFuncInput) {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		// this is being used on both func injector and struct injector.
+		// if the func's input argument or the struct's field is a type of Context
+		// then we can do a fast binding using the ctxValue
+		// which is used as slice of reflect.Value, because of the final method's `Call`.
+		return &di.BindObject{
+			Type:     contextTyp,
+			BindType: di.Dynamic,
+			ReturnValue: func(ctxValue []reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+				return ctxValue[0]
+			},
+		}, true
+	}
+
+	di.DefaultTypeChecker = func(fn reflect.Type) bool {
+		// valid if that single input arg is a typeof context.Context.
+		return fn.NumIn() == 1 && IsContext(fn.In(0))
+	}
+}

hero/di/TODO.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+I can do one of the followings to this "di" folder when I finish the cleanup and document it a bit,
+although I'm sick I will try to finish it tomorrow.
+
+End-users don't need this.
+1) So, rename this to "internal".
+
+I don't know if something similar exist in Go,
+it's a dependency injection framework at the end, and a very fast one.
+
+2) So I'm thinking to push it to a different repo,
+  like https://github.com/kataras/di or even to my small common https://github.com/kataras/pkg collection. 

hero/di/di.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package di
+
+import "reflect"
+
+type (
+	// Hijacker is a type which is used to catch fields or function's input argument
+	// to bind a custom object based on their type.
+	Hijacker func(reflect.Type) (*BindObject, bool)
+	// TypeChecker checks if a specific field's or function input argument's
+	// is valid to be binded.
+	TypeChecker func(reflect.Type) bool
+)
+
+var (
+	// DefaultHijacker is the hijacker used on the package-level Struct & Func functions.
+	DefaultHijacker Hijacker
+	// DefaultTypeChecker is the typechecker used on the package-level Struct & Func functions.
+	DefaultTypeChecker TypeChecker
+)
+
+// Struct is being used to return a new injector based on
+// a struct value instance, if it contains fields that the types of those
+// are matching with one or more of the `Values` then they are binded
+// with the injector's `Inject` and `InjectElem` methods.
+func Struct(s interface{}, values ...reflect.Value) *StructInjector {
+	if s == nil {
+		return &StructInjector{Has: false}
+	}
+
+	return MakeStructInjector(
+		ValueOf(s),
+		DefaultHijacker,
+		DefaultTypeChecker,
+		Values(values).CloneWithFieldsOf(s)...,
+	)
+}
+
+// Func is being used to return a new injector based on
+// a function, if it contains input arguments that the types of those
+// are matching with one or more of the `Values` then they are binded
+// to the function's input argument when called
+// with the injector's `Inject` method.
+func Func(fn interface{}, values ...reflect.Value) *FuncInjector {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return &FuncInjector{Has: false}
+	}
+
+	return MakeFuncInjector(
+		ValueOf(fn),
+		DefaultHijacker,
+		DefaultTypeChecker,
+		values...,
+	)
+}
+
+// D is the Dependency Injection container,
+// it contains the Values that can be changed before the injectors.
+// `Struct` and the `Func` methods returns an injector for specific
+// struct instance-value or function.
+type D struct {
+	Values
+
+	hijacker Hijacker
+	goodFunc TypeChecker
+}
+
+// New creates and returns a new Dependency Injection container.
+// See `Values` field and `Func` and `Struct` methods for more.
+func New() *D {
+	return &D{}
+}
+
+// Hijack sets a hijacker function, read the `Hijacker` type for more explanation.
+func (d *D) Hijack(fn Hijacker) *D {
+	d.hijacker = fn
+	return d
+}
+
+// GoodFunc sets a type checker for a valid function that can be binded,
+// read the `TypeChecker` type for more explanation.
+func (d *D) GoodFunc(fn TypeChecker) *D {
+	d.goodFunc = fn
+	return d
+}
+
+// Clone returns a new Dependency Injection container, it adopts the
+// parent's (current "D") hijacker, good func type checker and all dependencies values.
+func (d *D) Clone() *D {
+	return &D{
+		Values:   d.Values.Clone(),
+		hijacker: d.hijacker,
+		goodFunc: d.goodFunc,
+	}
+}
+
+// Struct is being used to return a new injector based on
+// a struct value instance, if it contains fields that the types of those
+// are matching with one or more of the `Values` then they are binded
+// with the injector's `Inject` and `InjectElem` methods.
+func (d *D) Struct(s interface{}) *StructInjector {
+	if s == nil {
+		return &StructInjector{Has: false}
+	}
+
+	return MakeStructInjector(
+		ValueOf(s),
+		d.hijacker,
+		d.goodFunc,
+		d.Values.CloneWithFieldsOf(s)...,
+	)
+}
+
+// Func is being used to return a new injector based on
+// a function, if it contains input arguments that the types of those
+// are matching with one or more of the `Values` then they are binded
+// to the function's input argument when called
+// with the injector's `Inject` method.
+func (d *D) Func(fn interface{}) *FuncInjector {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return &FuncInjector{Has: false}
+	}
+
+	return MakeFuncInjector(
+		ValueOf(fn),
+		d.hijacker,
+		d.goodFunc,
+		d.Values...,
+	)
+}

hero/di/func.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package di
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+type (
+	targetFuncInput struct {
+		Object     *BindObject
+		InputIndex int
+	}
+
+	// FuncInjector keeps the data that are needed in order to do the binding injection
+	// as fast as possible and with the best possible and safest way.
+	FuncInjector struct {
+		// the original function, is being used
+		// only the .Call, which is referring to the same function, always.
+		fn       reflect.Value
+		typ      reflect.Type
+		goodFunc TypeChecker
+
+		inputs []*targetFuncInput
+		// Length is the number of the valid, final binded input arguments.
+		Length int
+		// Valid is True when `Length` is > 0, it's statically set-ed for
+		// performance reasons.
+		Has bool
+
+		trace string // for debug info.
+
+		lost []*missingInput // Author's note: don't change this to a map.
+	}
+)
+
+type missingInput struct {
+	index int // the function's input argument's index.
+	found bool
+}
+
+func (s *FuncInjector) miss(index int) {
+	s.lost = append(s.lost, &missingInput{
+		index: index,
+	})
+}
+
+// MakeFuncInjector returns a new func injector, which will be the object
+// that the caller should use to bind input arguments of the "fn" function.
+//
+// The hijack and the goodFunc are optional, the "values" is the dependencies collection.
+func MakeFuncInjector(fn reflect.Value, hijack Hijacker, goodFunc TypeChecker, values ...reflect.Value) *FuncInjector {
+	typ := IndirectType(fn.Type())
+	s := &FuncInjector{
+		fn:       fn,
+		typ:      typ,
+		goodFunc: goodFunc,
+	}
+
+	if !IsFunc(typ) {
+		return s
+	}
+
+	defer s.refresh()
+
+	n := typ.NumIn()
+
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		inTyp := typ.In(i)
+
+		if hijack != nil {
+			b, ok := hijack(inTyp)
+
+			if ok && b != nil {
+				s.inputs = append(s.inputs, &targetFuncInput{
+					InputIndex: i,
+					Object:     b,
+				})
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		matched := false
+
+		for j, v := range values {
+			if s.addValue(i, v) {
+				matched = true
+				// remove this value, so it will not try to get binded
+				// again, a next value even with the same type is able to be
+				// used to other input arg. One value per input argument, order
+				// matters if same type of course.
+				//if len(values) > j+1 {
+				values = append(values[:j], values[j+1:]...)
+				//}
+
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !matched {
+			// if no binding for this input argument,
+			// this will make the func injector invalid state,
+			// but before this let's make a list of failed
+			// inputs, so they can be used for a re-try
+			// with different set of binding "values".
+			s.miss(i)
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *FuncInjector) refresh() {
+	s.Length = len(s.inputs)
+	s.Has = s.Length > 0
+}
+
+func (s *FuncInjector) addValue(inputIndex int, value reflect.Value) bool {
+	defer s.refresh()
+
+	if s.typ.NumIn() < inputIndex {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	inTyp := s.typ.In(inputIndex)
+
+	// the binded values to the func's inputs.
+	b, err := MakeBindObject(value, s.goodFunc)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if b.IsAssignable(inTyp) {
+		// println(inTyp.String() + " is assignable to " + val.Type().String())
+		// fmt.Printf("binded input index: %d for type: %s and value: %v with pointer: %v\n",
+		// 	i, b.Type.String(), value.String(), val.Pointer())
+		s.inputs = append(s.inputs, &targetFuncInput{
+			InputIndex: inputIndex,
+			Object:     &b,
+		})
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+func (s *FuncInjector) Retry(retryFn func(inIndex int, inTyp reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool)) bool {
+	for _, missing := range s.lost {
+		if missing.found {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		invalidIndex := missing.index
+
+		inTyp := s.typ.In(invalidIndex)
+		v, ok := retryFn(invalidIndex, inTyp)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !s.addValue(invalidIndex, v) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// if this value completes an invalid index
+		// then remove this from the invalid input indexes.
+		missing.found = true
+	}
+
+	return s.Length == s.typ.NumIn()
+}
+
+// String returns a debug trace text.
+func (s *FuncInjector) String() (trace string) {
+	for i, in := range s.inputs {
+		bindmethodTyp := bindTypeString(in.Object.BindType)
+		typIn := s.typ.In(in.InputIndex)
+		// remember: on methods that are part of a struct (i.e controller)
+		// the input index  = 1 is the begggining instead of the 0,
+		// because the 0 is the controller receiver pointer of the method.
+		trace += fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s binding: '%s' for input position: %d and type: '%s'\n",
+			i+1, bindmethodTyp, in.Object.Type.String(), in.InputIndex, typIn.String())
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Inject accepts an already created slice of input arguments
+// and fills them, the "ctx" is optional and it's used
+// on the dependencies that depends on one or more input arguments, these are the "ctx".
+func (s *FuncInjector) Inject(in *[]reflect.Value, ctx ...reflect.Value) {
+	args := *in
+	for _, input := range s.inputs {
+		input.Object.Assign(ctx, func(v reflect.Value) {
+			// fmt.Printf("assign input index: %d for value: %v\n",
+			// 	input.InputIndex, v.String())
+			args[input.InputIndex] = v
+		})
+
+	}
+
+	*in = args
+}
+
+// Call calls the "Inject" with a new slice of input arguments
+// that are computed by the length of the input argument from the MakeFuncInjector's "fn" function.
+//
+// If the function needs a receiver, so
+// the caller should be able to in[0] = receiver before injection,
+// then the `Inject` method should be used instead.
+func (s *FuncInjector) Call(ctx ...reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
+	in := make([]reflect.Value, s.Length, s.Length)
+	s.Inject(&in, ctx...)
+	return s.fn.Call(in)
+}

hero/di/object.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package di
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// BindType is the type of a binded object/value, it's being used to
+// check if the value is accessible after a function call with a  "ctx" when needed ( Dynamic type)
+// or it's just a struct value (a service | Static type).
+type BindType uint32
+
+const (
+	// Static is the simple assignable value, a static value.
+	Static BindType = iota
+	// Dynamic returns a value but it depends on some input arguments from the caller,
+	// on serve time.
+	Dynamic
+)
+
+func bindTypeString(typ BindType) string {
+	switch typ {
+	case Dynamic:
+		return "Dynamic"
+	default:
+		return "Static"
+	}
+}
+
+// BindObject contains the dependency value's read-only information.
+// FuncInjector and StructInjector keeps information about their
+// input arguments/or fields, these properties contain a `BindObject` inside them.
+type BindObject struct {
+	Type  reflect.Type // the Type of 'Value' or the type of the returned 'ReturnValue' .
+	Value reflect.Value
+
+	BindType    BindType
+	ReturnValue func([]reflect.Value) reflect.Value
+}
+
+// MakeBindObject accepts any "v" value, struct, pointer or a function
+// and a type checker that is used to check if the fields (if "v.elem()" is struct)
+// or the input arguments (if "v.elem()" is func)
+// are valid to be included as the final object's dependencies, even if the caller added more
+// the "di" is smart enough to select what each "v" needs and what not before serve time.
+func MakeBindObject(v reflect.Value, goodFunc TypeChecker) (b BindObject, err error) {
+	if IsFunc(v) {
+		b.BindType = Dynamic
+		b.ReturnValue, b.Type, err = MakeReturnValue(v, goodFunc)
+	} else {
+		b.BindType = Static
+		b.Type = v.Type()
+		b.Value = v
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+var errBad = errors.New("bad")
+
+// MakeReturnValue takes any function
+// that accept custom values and returns something,
+// it returns a binder function, which accepts a slice of reflect.Value
+// and returns a single one reflect.Value for that.
+// It's being used to resolve the input parameters on a "x" consumer faster.
+//
+// The "fn" can have the following form:
+// `func(myService) MyViewModel`.
+//
+// The return type of the "fn" should be a value instance, not a pointer, for your own protection.
+// The binder function should return only one value.
+func MakeReturnValue(fn reflect.Value, goodFunc TypeChecker) (func([]reflect.Value) reflect.Value, reflect.Type, error) {
+	typ := IndirectType(fn.Type())
+
+	// invalid if not a func.
+	if typ.Kind() != reflect.Func {
+		return nil, typ, errBad
+	}
+
+	// invalid if not returns one single value.
+	if typ.NumOut() != 1 {
+		return nil, typ, errBad
+	}
+
+	if goodFunc != nil {
+		if !goodFunc(typ) {
+			return nil, typ, errBad
+		}
+	}
+
+	outTyp := typ.Out(0)
+	zeroOutVal := reflect.New(outTyp).Elem()
+
+	bf := func(ctxValue []reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+		results := fn.Call(ctxValue)
+		if len(results) == 0 {
+			return zeroOutVal
+		}
+
+		v := results[0]
+		if !v.IsValid() {
+			return zeroOutVal
+		}
+		return v
+	}
+
+	return bf, outTyp, nil
+}
+
+// IsAssignable checks if "to" type can be used as "b.Value/ReturnValue".
+func (b *BindObject) IsAssignable(to reflect.Type) bool {
+	return equalTypes(b.Type, to)
+}
+
+// Assign sets the values to a setter, "toSetter" contains the setter, so the caller
+// can use it for multiple and different structs/functions as well.
+func (b *BindObject) Assign(ctx []reflect.Value, toSetter func(reflect.Value)) {
+	if b.BindType == Dynamic {
+		toSetter(b.ReturnValue(ctx))
+		return
+	}
+	toSetter(b.Value)
+}

hero/di/reflect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+package di
+
+import "reflect"
+
+// EmptyIn is just an empty slice of reflect.Value.
+var EmptyIn = []reflect.Value{}
+
+// IsZero returns true if a value is nil.
+// Remember; fields to be checked should be exported otherwise it returns false.
+// Notes for users:
+// Boolean's zero value is false, even if not set-ed.
+// UintXX are not zero on 0 because they are pointers to.
+func IsZero(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		zero := true
+		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+			zero = zero && IsZero(v.Field(i))
+		}
+
+		if typ := v.Type(); typ != nil && v.IsValid() {
+			f, ok := typ.MethodByName("IsZero")
+			// if not found
+			// if has input arguments (1 is for the value receiver, so > 1 for the actual input args)
+			// if output argument is not boolean
+			// then skip this IsZero user-defined function.
+			if !ok || f.Type.NumIn() > 1 || f.Type.NumOut() != 1 && f.Type.Out(0).Kind() != reflect.Bool {
+				return zero
+			}
+
+			method := v.Method(f.Index)
+			// no needed check but:
+			if method.IsValid() && !method.IsNil() {
+				// it shouldn't panic here.
+				zero = method.Call(EmptyIn)[0].Interface().(bool)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return zero
+	case reflect.Func, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
+		return v.IsNil()
+	case reflect.Array:
+		zero := true
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			zero = zero && IsZero(v.Index(i))
+		}
+		return zero
+	}
+	// if not any special type then use the reflect's .Zero
+	// usually for fields, but remember if it's boolean and it's false
+	// then it's zero, even if set-ed.
+
+	if !v.CanInterface() {
+		// if can't interface, i.e return value from unexported field or method then return false
+		return false
+	}
+	zero := reflect.Zero(v.Type())
+	return v.Interface() == zero.Interface()
+}
+
+func IndirectValue(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	return reflect.Indirect(v)
+}
+
+func ValueOf(o interface{}) reflect.Value {
+	if v, ok := o.(reflect.Value); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	return reflect.ValueOf(o)
+}
+
+func ValuesOf(valuesAsInterface []interface{}) (values []reflect.Value) {
+	for _, v := range valuesAsInterface {
+		values = append(values, ValueOf(v))
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func IndirectType(typ reflect.Type) reflect.Type {
+	switch typ.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Array, reflect.Chan, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
+		return typ.Elem()
+	}
+	return typ
+}
+
+func goodVal(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Interface, reflect.Slice:
+		if v.IsNil() {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return v.IsValid()
+}
+
+// IsFunc returns true if the passed type is function.
+func IsFunc(kindable interface {
+	Kind() reflect.Kind
+}) bool {
+	return kindable.Kind() == reflect.Func
+}
+
+func equalTypes(got reflect.Type, expected reflect.Type) bool {
+	if got == expected {
+		return true
+	}
+	// if accepts an interface, check if the given "got" type does
+	// implement this "expected" user handler's input argument.
+	if expected.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		// fmt.Printf("expected interface = %s and got to set on the arg is: %s\n", expected.String(), got.String())
+		return got.Implements(expected)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// for controller's fields only.
+func structFieldIgnored(f reflect.StructField) bool {
+	if !f.Anonymous {
+		return true // if not anonymous(embedded), ignore it.
+	}
+
+	s := f.Tag.Get("ignore")
+	return s == "true" // if has an ignore tag then ignore it.
+}
+
+type field struct {
+	Type   reflect.Type
+	Name   string // the actual name.
+	Index  []int  // the index of the field, slice if it's part of a embedded struct
+	CanSet bool   // is true if it's exported.
+
+	// this could be empty, but in our cases it's not,
+	// it's filled with the bind object (as service which means as static value)
+	// and it's filled from the lookupFields' caller.
+	AnyValue reflect.Value
+}
+
+// NumFields returns the total number of fields, and the embedded, even if the embedded struct is not exported,
+// it will check for its exported fields.
+func NumFields(elemTyp reflect.Type, skipUnexported bool) int {
+	return len(lookupFields(elemTyp, skipUnexported, nil))
+}
+
+func lookupFields(elemTyp reflect.Type, skipUnexported bool, parentIndex []int) (fields []field) {
+	if elemTyp.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for i, n := 0, elemTyp.NumField(); i < n; i++ {
+		f := elemTyp.Field(i)
+
+		if IndirectType(f.Type).Kind() == reflect.Struct &&
+			!structFieldIgnored(f) {
+			fields = append(fields, lookupFields(f.Type, skipUnexported, append(parentIndex, i))...)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// skip unexported fields here,
+		// after the check for embedded structs, these can be binded if their
+		// fields are exported.
+		isExported := f.PkgPath == ""
+		if skipUnexported && !isExported {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		index := []int{i}
+		if len(parentIndex) > 0 {
+			index = append(parentIndex, i)
+		}
+
+		field := field{
+			Type:   f.Type,
+			Name:   f.Name,
+			Index:  index,
+			CanSet: isExported,
+		}
+
+		fields = append(fields, field)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// LookupNonZeroFieldsValues lookup for filled fields based on the "v" struct value instance.
+// It returns a slice of reflect.Value (same type as `Values`) that can be binded,
+// like the end-developer's custom values.
+func LookupNonZeroFieldsValues(v reflect.Value, skipUnexported bool) (bindValues []reflect.Value) {
+	elem := IndirectValue(v)
+	fields := lookupFields(IndirectType(v.Type()), skipUnexported, nil)
+
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if fieldVal := elem.FieldByIndex(f.Index); /*f.Type.Kind() == reflect.Ptr &&*/
+		!IsZero(fieldVal) {
+			bindValues = append(bindValues, fieldVal)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}

hero/di/struct.go

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+package di
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+type Scope uint8
+
+const (
+	Stateless Scope = iota
+	Singleton
+)
+
+type (
+	targetStructField struct {
+		Object     *BindObject
+		FieldIndex []int
+	}
+
+	// StructInjector keeps the data that are needed in order to do the binding injection
+	// as fast as possible and with the best possible and safest way.
+	StructInjector struct {
+		initRef        reflect.Value
+		initRefAsSlice []reflect.Value // useful when the struct is passed on a func as input args via reflection.
+		elemType       reflect.Type
+		//
+		fields []*targetStructField
+		// is true when contains bindable fields and it's a valid target struct,
+		// it maybe 0 but struct may contain unexported fields or exported but no bindable (Stateless)
+		// see `setState`.
+		Has       bool
+		CanInject bool // if any bindable fields when the state is NOT singleton.
+		Scope     Scope
+	}
+)
+
+func (s *StructInjector) countBindType(typ BindType) (n int) {
+	for _, f := range s.fields {
+		if f.Object.BindType == typ {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MakeStructInjector returns a new struct injector, which will be the object
+// that the caller should use to bind exported fields or
+// embedded unexported fields that contain exported fields
+// of the "v" struct value or pointer.
+//
+// The hijack and the goodFunc are optional, the "values" is the dependencies collection.
+func MakeStructInjector(v reflect.Value, hijack Hijacker, goodFunc TypeChecker, values ...reflect.Value) *StructInjector {
+	s := &StructInjector{
+		initRef:        v,
+		initRefAsSlice: []reflect.Value{v},
+		elemType:       IndirectType(v.Type()),
+	}
+
+	fields := lookupFields(s.elemType, true, nil)
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if hijack != nil {
+			if b, ok := hijack(f.Type); ok && b != nil {
+				s.fields = append(s.fields, &targetStructField{
+					FieldIndex: f.Index,
+					Object:     b,
+				})
+
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, val := range values {
+			// the binded values to the struct's fields.
+			b, err := MakeBindObject(val, goodFunc)
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return s // if error stop here.
+			}
+
+			if b.IsAssignable(f.Type) {
+				// fmt.Printf("bind the object to the field: %s at index: %#v and type: %s\n", f.Name, f.Index, f.Type.String())
+				s.fields = append(s.fields, &targetStructField{
+					FieldIndex: f.Index,
+					Object:     &b,
+				})
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.Has = len(s.fields) > 0
+	// set the overall state of this injector.
+	s.fillStruct()
+	s.setState()
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// set the state, once.
+// Here the "initRef" have already the static bindings and the manually-filled fields.
+func (s *StructInjector) setState() {
+	// note for zero length of struct's fields:
+	// if struct doesn't contain any field
+	// so both of the below variables will be 0,
+	// so it's a singleton.
+	// At the other hand the `s.HasFields` maybe false
+	// but the struct may contain UNEXPORTED fields or non-bindable fields (request-scoped on both cases)
+	// so a new controller/struct at the caller side should be initialized on each request,
+	// we should not depend on the `HasFields` for singleton or no, this is the reason I
+	// added the `.State` now.
+
+	staticBindingsFieldsLength := s.countBindType(Static)
+	allStructFieldsLength := NumFields(s.elemType, false)
+	// check if unexported(and exported) fields are set-ed manually or via binding (at this time we have all fields set-ed inside the "initRef")
+	// i.e &Controller{unexportedField: "my value"}
+	// or dependencies values = "my value" and Controller struct {Field string}
+	// if so then set the temp staticBindingsFieldsLength to that number, so for example:
+	// if static binding length is 0
+	// but an unexported field is set-ed then act that as singleton.
+	if allStructFieldsLength > staticBindingsFieldsLength {
+		structFieldsUnexportedNonZero := LookupNonZeroFieldsValues(s.initRef, false)
+		staticBindingsFieldsLength = len(structFieldsUnexportedNonZero)
+	}
+
+	// println("staticBindingsFieldsLength: ", staticBindingsFieldsLength)
+	// println("allStructFieldsLength: ", allStructFieldsLength)
+
+	// if the number of static values binded is equal to the
+	// total struct's fields(including unexported fields this time) then set as singleton.
+	if staticBindingsFieldsLength == allStructFieldsLength {
+		s.Scope = Singleton
+		// the default is `Stateless`, which means that a new instance should be created
+		//  on each inject action by the caller.
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.CanInject = s.Scope == Stateless && s.Has
+}
+
+// fill the static bindings values once.
+func (s *StructInjector) fillStruct() {
+	if !s.Has {
+		return
+	}
+	// if field is Static then set it to the value that passed by the caller,
+	// so will have the static bindings already and we can just use that value instead
+	// of creating new instance.
+	destElem := IndirectValue(s.initRef)
+	for _, f := range s.fields {
+		// if field is Static then set it to the value that passed by the caller,
+		// so will have the static bindings already and we can just use that value instead
+		// of creating new instance.
+		if f.Object.BindType == Static {
+			destElem.FieldByIndex(f.FieldIndex).Set(f.Object.Value)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// String returns a debug trace message.
+func (s *StructInjector) String() (trace string) {
+	for i, f := range s.fields {
+		elemField := s.elemType.FieldByIndex(f.FieldIndex)
+		trace += fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s binding: '%s' for field '%s %s'\n",
+			i+1, bindTypeString(f.Object.BindType), f.Object.Type.String(),
+			elemField.Name, elemField.Type.String())
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (s *StructInjector) Inject(dest interface{}, ctx ...reflect.Value) {
+	if dest == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	v := IndirectValue(ValueOf(dest))
+	s.InjectElem(v, ctx...)
+}
+
+func (s *StructInjector) InjectElem(destElem reflect.Value, ctx ...reflect.Value) {
+	for _, f := range s.fields {
+		f.Object.Assign(ctx, func(v reflect.Value) {
+			destElem.FieldByIndex(f.FieldIndex).Set(v)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *StructInjector) Acquire() reflect.Value {
+	if s.Scope == Singleton {
+		return s.initRef
+	}
+	return reflect.New(s.elemType)
+}
+
+func (s *StructInjector) AcquireSlice() []reflect.Value {
+	if s.Scope == Singleton {
+		return s.initRefAsSlice
+	}
+	return []reflect.Value{reflect.New(s.elemType)}
+}

hero/di/values.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package di
+
+import "reflect"
+
+// Values is a shortcut of []reflect.Value,
+// it makes easier to remove and add dependencies.
+type Values []reflect.Value
+
+// NewValues returns new empty (dependencies) values.
+func NewValues() Values {
+	return Values{}
+}
+
+// Clone returns a copy of the current values.
+func (bv Values) Clone() Values {
+	if n := len(bv); n > 0 {
+		values := make(Values, n, n)
+		copy(values, bv)
+		return values
+	}
+
+	return NewValues()
+}
+
+// CloneWithFieldsOf will return a copy of the current values
+// plus the "s" struct's fields that are filled(non-zero) by the caller.
+func (bv Values) CloneWithFieldsOf(s interface{}) Values {
+	values := bv.Clone()
+
+	// add the manual filled fields to the dependencies.
+	filledFieldValues := LookupNonZeroFieldsValues(ValueOf(s), true)
+	values = append(values, filledFieldValues...)
+	return values
+}
+
+// Len returns the length of the current "bv" values slice.
+func (bv Values) Len() int {
+	return len(bv)
+}
+
+// Add adds values as dependencies, if the struct's fields
+// or the function's input arguments needs them, they will be defined as
+// bindings (at build-time) and they will be used (at serve-time).
+func (bv *Values) Add(values ...interface{}) {
+	bv.AddValues(ValuesOf(values)...)
+}
+
+// AddValues same as `Add` but accepts reflect.Value dependencies instead of interface{}
+// and appends them to the list if they pass some checks.
+func (bv *Values) AddValues(values ...reflect.Value) {
+	for _, v := range values {
+		if !goodVal(v) {
+			continue
+		}
+		*bv = append(*bv, v)
+	}
+}
+
+// Remove unbinds a binding value based on the type,
+// it returns true if at least one field is not binded anymore.
+//
+// The "n" indicates the number of elements to remove, if <=0 then it's 1,
+// this is useful because you may have bind more than one value to two or more fields
+// with the same type.
+func (bv *Values) Remove(value interface{}, n int) bool {
+	return bv.remove(reflect.TypeOf(value), n)
+}
+
+func (bv *Values) remove(typ reflect.Type, n int) (ok bool) {
+	input := *bv
+	for i, in := range input {
+		if equalTypes(in.Type(), typ) {
+			ok = true
+			input = input[:i+copy(input[i:], input[i+1:])]
+			if n > 1 {
+				continue
+			}
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	*bv = input
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Has returns true if a binder responsible to
+// bind and return a type of "typ" is already registered to this controller.
+func (bv Values) Has(value interface{}) bool {
+	return bv.valueTypeExists(reflect.TypeOf(value))
+}
+
+func (bv Values) valueTypeExists(typ reflect.Type) bool {
+	for _, in := range bv {
+		if equalTypes(in.Type(), typ) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// AddOnce binds a value to the controller's field with the same type,
+// if it's not binded already.
+//
+// Returns false if binded already or the value is not the proper one for binding,
+// otherwise true.
+func (bv *Values) AddOnce(value interface{}) bool {
+	return bv.addIfNotExists(reflect.ValueOf(value))
+}
+
+func (bv *Values) addIfNotExists(v reflect.Value) bool {
+	var (
+		typ = v.Type() // no element, raw things here.
+	)
+
+	if !goodVal(v) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if bv.valueTypeExists(typ) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	bv.Add(v)
+	return true
+}

hero/func_result.go

@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero/di"
+
+	"github.com/fatih/structs"
+)
+
+// Result is a response dispatcher.
+// All types that complete this interface
+// can be returned as values from the method functions.
+//
+// Example at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/hero/overview.
+type Result interface {
+	// Dispatch should sends the response to the context's response writer.
+	Dispatch(ctx context.Context)
+}
+
+var defaultFailureResponse = Response{Code: DefaultErrStatusCode}
+
+// Try will check if "fn" ran without any panics,
+// using recovery,
+// and return its result as the final response
+// otherwise it returns the "failure" response if any,
+// if not then a 400 bad request is being sent.
+//
+// Example usage at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/master/hero/func_result_test.go.
+func Try(fn func() Result, failure ...Result) Result {
+	var failed bool
+	var actionResponse Result
+
+	func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+				failed = true
+			}
+		}()
+		actionResponse = fn()
+	}()
+
+	if failed {
+		if len(failure) > 0 {
+			return failure[0]
+		}
+		return defaultFailureResponse
+	}
+
+	return actionResponse
+}
+
+const slashB byte = '/'
+
+type compatibleErr interface {
+	Error() string
+}
+
+// DefaultErrStatusCode is the default error status code (400)
+// when the response contains an error which is not nil.
+var DefaultErrStatusCode = 400
+
+// DispatchErr writes the error to the response.
+func DispatchErr(ctx context.Context, status int, err error) {
+	if status < 400 {
+		status = DefaultErrStatusCode
+	}
+	ctx.StatusCode(status)
+	if text := err.Error(); text != "" {
+		ctx.WriteString(text)
+		ctx.StopExecution()
+	}
+}
+
+// DispatchCommon is being used internally to send
+// commonly used data to the response writer with a smart way.
+func DispatchCommon(ctx context.Context,
+	statusCode int, contentType string, content []byte, v interface{}, err error, found bool) {
+
+	// if we have a false boolean as a return value
+	// then skip everything and fire a not found,
+	// we even don't care about the given status code or the object or the content.
+	if !found {
+		ctx.NotFound()
+		return
+	}
+
+	status := statusCode
+	if status == 0 {
+		status = 200
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		DispatchErr(ctx, status, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// write the status code, the rest will need that before any write ofc.
+	ctx.StatusCode(status)
+	if contentType == "" {
+		// to respect any ctx.ContentType(...) call
+		// especially if v is not nil.
+		contentType = ctx.GetContentType()
+	}
+
+	if v != nil {
+		if d, ok := v.(Result); ok {
+			// write the content type now (internal check for empty value)
+			ctx.ContentType(contentType)
+			d.Dispatch(ctx)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(contentType, context.ContentJavascriptHeaderValue) {
+			_, err = ctx.JSONP(v)
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(contentType, context.ContentXMLHeaderValue) {
+			_, err = ctx.XML(v, context.XML{Indent: " "})
+		} else {
+			// defaults to json if content type is missing or its application/json.
+			_, err = ctx.JSON(v, context.JSON{Indent: " "})
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			DispatchErr(ctx, status, err)
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx.ContentType(contentType)
+	// .Write even len(content) == 0 , this should be called in order to call the internal tryWriteHeader,
+	// it will not cost anything.
+	ctx.Write(content)
+}
+
+// DispatchFuncResult is being used internally to resolve
+// and send the method function's output values to the
+// context's response writer using a smart way which
+// respects status code, content type, content, custom struct
+// and an error type.
+// Supports for:
+// func(c *ExampleController) Get() string |
+// (string, string) |
+// (string, int) |
+// ...
+// int |
+// (int, string |
+// (string, error) |
+// ...
+// error |
+// (int, error) |
+// (customStruct, error) |
+// ...
+// bool |
+// (int, bool) |
+// (string, bool) |
+// (customStruct, bool) |
+// ...
+// customStruct |
+// (customStruct, int) |
+// (customStruct, string) |
+// Result or (Result, error) and so on...
+//
+// where Get is an HTTP METHOD.
+func DispatchFuncResult(ctx context.Context, values []reflect.Value) {
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var (
+		// if statusCode > 0 then send this status code.
+		// Except when err != nil then check if status code is < 400 and
+		// if it's set it as DefaultErrStatusCode.
+		// Except when found == false, then the status code is 404.
+		statusCode int
+		// if not empty then use that as content type,
+		// if empty and custom != nil then set it to application/json.
+		contentType string
+		// if len > 0 then write that to the response writer as raw bytes,
+		// except when found == false or err != nil or custom != nil.
+		content []byte
+		// if not nil then check
+		// for content type (or json default) and send the custom data object
+		// except when found == false or err != nil.
+		custom interface{}
+		// if not nil then check for its status code,
+		// if not status code or < 400 then set it as DefaultErrStatusCode
+		// and fire the error's text.
+		err error
+		// if false then skip everything and fire 404.
+		found = true // defaults to true of course, otherwise will break :)
+	)
+
+	for _, v := range values {
+
+		// order of these checks matters
+		// for example, first  we need to check for status code,
+		// secondly the string (for content type and content)...
+		// if !v.IsValid() || !v.CanInterface() {
+		// 	continue
+		// }
+		if !v.IsValid() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		f := v.Interface()
+		/*
+				if b, ok := f.(bool); ok {
+					found = b
+					if !found {
+						// skip everything, we don't care about other return values,
+						// this boolean is the higher in order.
+						break
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if i, ok := f.(int); ok {
+					statusCode = i
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if s, ok := f.(string); ok {
+					// a string is content type when it contains a slash and
+					// content or custom struct is being calculated already;
+					// (string -> content, string-> content type)
+					// (customStruct, string -> content type)
+					if (len(content) > 0 || custom != nil) && strings.IndexByte(s, slashB) > 0 {
+						contentType = s
+					} else {
+						// otherwise is content
+						content = []byte(s)
+					}
+
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if b, ok := f.([]byte); ok {
+					// it's raw content, get the latest
+					content = b
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if e, ok := f.(compatibleErr); ok {
+					if e != nil { // it's always not nil but keep it here.
+						err = e
+						if statusCode < 400 {
+							statusCode = DefaultErrStatusCode
+						}
+						break // break on first error, error should be in the end but we
+						// need to know break the dispatcher if any error.
+						// at the end; we don't want to write anything to the response if error is not nil.
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+
+				// else it's a custom struct or a dispatcher, we'll decide later
+				// because content type and status code matters
+				// do that check in order to be able to correctly dispatch:
+				// (customStruct, error) -> customStruct filled and error is nil
+				if custom == nil && f != nil {
+					custom = f
+				}
+
+			}
+
+		*/
+		switch value := f.(type) {
+		case bool:
+			found = value
+			if !found {
+				// skip everything, skip other values, we don't care about other return values,
+				// this boolean is the higher in order.
+				break
+			}
+		case int:
+			statusCode = value
+		case string:
+			// a string is content type when it contains a slash and
+			// content or custom struct is being calculated already;
+			// (string -> content, string-> content type)
+			// (customStruct, string -> content type)
+			if (len(content) > 0 || custom != nil) && strings.IndexByte(value, slashB) > 0 {
+				contentType = value
+			} else {
+				// otherwise is content
+				content = []byte(value)
+			}
+
+		case []byte:
+			// it's raw content, get the latest
+			content = value
+		case compatibleErr:
+			if value != nil { // it's always not nil but keep it here.
+				err = value
+				if statusCode < 400 {
+					statusCode = DefaultErrStatusCode
+				}
+				break // break on first error, error should be in the end but we
+				// need to know break the dispatcher if any error.
+				// at the end; we don't want to write anything to the response if error is not nil.
+			}
+		default:
+			// else it's a custom struct or a dispatcher, we'll decide later
+			// because content type and status code matters
+			// do that check in order to be able to correctly dispatch:
+			// (customStruct, error) -> customStruct filled and error is nil
+			if custom == nil && f != nil {
+				custom = f
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	DispatchCommon(ctx, statusCode, contentType, content, custom, err, found)
+}
+
+// Response completes the `methodfunc.Result` interface.
+// It's being used as an alternative return value which
+// wraps the status code, the content type, a content as bytes or as string
+// and an error, it's smart enough to complete the request and send the correct response to the client.
+type Response struct {
+	Code        int
+	ContentType string
+	Content     []byte
+
+	// if not empty then content type is the text/plain
+	// and content is the text as []byte.
+	Text string
+	// If not nil then it will fire that as "application/json" or the
+	// "ContentType" if not empty.
+	Object interface{}
+
+	// If Path is not empty then it will redirect
+	// the client to this Path, if Code is >= 300 and < 400
+	// then it will use that Code to do the redirection, otherwise
+	// StatusFound(302) or StatusSeeOther(303) for post methods will be used.
+	// Except when err != nil.
+	Path string
+
+	// if not empty then fire a 400 bad request error
+	// unless the Status is > 200, then fire that error code
+	// with the Err.Error() string as its content.
+	//
+	// if Err.Error() is empty then it fires the custom error handler
+	// if any otherwise the framework sends the default http error text based on the status.
+	Err error
+	Try func() int
+
+	// if true then it skips everything else and it throws a 404 not found error.
+	// Can be named as Failure but NotFound is more precise name in order
+	// to be visible that it's different than the `Err`
+	// because it throws a 404 not found instead of a 400 bad request.
+	// NotFound bool
+	// let's don't add this yet, it has its dangerous of missuse.
+}
+
+var _ Result = Response{}
+
+// Dispatch writes the response result to the context's response writer.
+func (r Response) Dispatch(ctx context.Context) {
+	if r.Path != "" && r.Err == nil {
+		// it's not a redirect valid status
+		if r.Code < 300 || r.Code >= 400 {
+			if ctx.Method() == "POST" {
+				r.Code = 303 // StatusSeeOther
+			}
+			r.Code = 302 // StatusFound
+		}
+		ctx.Redirect(r.Path, r.Code)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if s := r.Text; s != "" {
+		r.Content = []byte(s)
+	}
+
+	DispatchCommon(ctx, r.Code, r.ContentType, r.Content, r.Object, r.Err, true)
+}
+
+// View completes the `hero.Result` interface.
+// It's being used as an alternative return value which
+// wraps the template file name, layout, (any) view data, status code and error.
+// It's smart enough to complete the request and send the correct response to the client.
+//
+// Example at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/master/_examples/hero/overview/web/controllers/hello_controller.go.
+type View struct {
+	Name   string
+	Layout string
+	Data   interface{} // map or a custom struct.
+	Code   int
+	Err    error
+}
+
+var _ Result = View{}
+
+const dotB = byte('.')
+
+// DefaultViewExt is the default extension if `view.Name `is missing,
+// but note that it doesn't care about
+// the app.RegisterView(iris.$VIEW_ENGINE("./$dir", "$ext"))'s $ext.
+// so if you don't use the ".html" as extension for your files
+// you have to append the extension manually into the `view.Name`
+// or change this global variable.
+var DefaultViewExt = ".html"
+
+func ensureExt(s string) string {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return "index" + DefaultViewExt
+	}
+
+	if strings.IndexByte(s, dotB) < 1 {
+		s += DefaultViewExt
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// Dispatch writes the template filename, template layout and (any) data to the  client.
+// Completes the `Result` interface.
+func (r View) Dispatch(ctx context.Context) { // r as Response view.
+	if r.Err != nil {
+		if r.Code < 400 {
+			r.Code = DefaultErrStatusCode
+		}
+		ctx.StatusCode(r.Code)
+		ctx.WriteString(r.Err.Error())
+		ctx.StopExecution()
+		return
+	}
+
+	if r.Code > 0 {
+		ctx.StatusCode(r.Code)
+	}
+
+	if r.Name != "" {
+		r.Name = ensureExt(r.Name)
+
+		if r.Layout != "" {
+			r.Layout = ensureExt(r.Layout)
+			ctx.ViewLayout(r.Layout)
+		}
+
+		if r.Data != nil {
+			// In order to respect any c.Ctx.ViewData that may called manually before;
+			dataKey := ctx.Application().ConfigurationReadOnly().GetViewDataContextKey()
+			if ctx.Values().Get(dataKey) == nil {
+				// if no c.Ctx.ViewData set-ed before (the most common scenario) then do a
+				// simple set, it's faster.
+				ctx.Values().Set(dataKey, r.Data)
+			} else {
+				// else check if r.Data is map or struct, if struct convert it to map,
+				// do a range loop and modify the data one by one.
+				// context.Map is actually a map[string]interface{} but we have to make that check:
+				if m, ok := r.Data.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+					setViewData(ctx, m)
+				} else if m, ok := r.Data.(context.Map); ok {
+					setViewData(ctx, m)
+				} else if di.IndirectValue(reflect.ValueOf(r.Data)).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+					setViewData(ctx, structs.Map(r))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		ctx.View(r.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func setViewData(ctx context.Context, data map[string]interface{}) {
+	for k, v := range data {
+		ctx.ViewData(k, v)
+	}
+}

hero/func_result_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package hero_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/httptest"
+
+	. "github.com/kataras/iris/hero"
+)
+
+func GetText() string {
+	return "text"
+}
+
+func GetStatus() int {
+	return iris.StatusBadGateway
+}
+
+func GetTextWithStatusOk() (string, int) {
+	return "OK", iris.StatusOK
+}
+
+// tests should have output arguments mixed
+func GetStatusWithTextNotOkBy(first string, second string) (int, string) {
+	return iris.StatusForbidden, "NOT_OK_" + first + second
+}
+
+func GetTextAndContentType() (string, string) {
+	return "<b>text</b>", "text/html"
+}
+
+type testCustomResult struct {
+	HTML string
+}
+
+// The only one required function to make that a custom Response dispatcher.
+func (r testCustomResult) Dispatch(ctx context.Context) {
+	ctx.HTML(r.HTML)
+}
+
+func GetCustomResponse() testCustomResult {
+	return testCustomResult{"<b>text</b>"}
+}
+
+func GetCustomResponseWithStatusOk() (testCustomResult, int) {
+	return testCustomResult{"<b>OK</b>"}, iris.StatusOK
+}
+
+func GetCustomResponseWithStatusNotOk() (testCustomResult, int) {
+	return testCustomResult{"<b>internal server error</b>"}, iris.StatusInternalServerError
+}
+
+type testCustomStruct struct {
+	Name string `json:"name" xml:"name"`
+	Age  int    `json:"age" xml:"age"`
+}
+
+func GetCustomStruct() testCustomStruct {
+	return testCustomStruct{"Iris", 2}
+}
+
+func GetCustomStructWithStatusNotOk() (testCustomStruct, int) {
+	return testCustomStruct{"Iris", 2}, iris.StatusInternalServerError
+}
+
+func GetCustomStructWithContentType() (testCustomStruct, string) {
+	return testCustomStruct{"Iris", 2}, "text/xml"
+}
+
+func GetCustomStructWithError(ctx iris.Context) (s testCustomStruct, err error) {
+	s = testCustomStruct{"Iris", 2}
+	if ctx.URLParamExists("err") {
+		err = errors.New("omit return of testCustomStruct and fire error")
+	}
+
+	// it should send the testCustomStruct as JSON if error is nil
+	// otherwise it should fire the default error(BadRequest) with the error's text.
+	return
+}
+
+func TestFuncResult(t *testing.T) {
+	app := iris.New()
+	h := New()
+	// for any 'By', by is not required but we use this suffix here, like controllers
+	// to make it easier for the future to resolve if any bug.
+	// add the binding for path parameters.
+
+	app.Get("/text", h.Handler(GetText))
+	app.Get("/status", h.Handler(GetStatus))
+	app.Get("/text/with/status/ok", h.Handler(GetTextWithStatusOk))
+	app.Get("/status/with/text/not/ok/{first}/{second}", h.Handler(GetStatusWithTextNotOkBy))
+	app.Get("/text/and/content/type", h.Handler(GetTextAndContentType))
+	//
+	app.Get("/custom/response", h.Handler(GetCustomResponse))
+	app.Get("/custom/response/with/status/ok", h.Handler(GetCustomResponseWithStatusOk))
+	app.Get("/custom/response/with/status/not/ok", h.Handler(GetCustomResponseWithStatusNotOk))
+	//
+	app.Get("/custom/struct", h.Handler(GetCustomStruct))
+	app.Get("/custom/struct/with/status/not/ok", h.Handler(GetCustomStructWithStatusNotOk))
+	app.Get("/custom/struct/with/content/type", h.Handler(GetCustomStructWithContentType))
+	app.Get("/custom/struct/with/error", h.Handler(GetCustomStructWithError))
+
+	e := httptest.New(t, app)
+
+	e.GET("/text").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		Body().Equal("text")
+
+	e.GET("/status").Expect().Status(iris.StatusBadGateway)
+
+	e.GET("/text/with/status/ok").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		Body().Equal("OK")
+
+	e.GET("/status/with/text/not/ok/first/second").Expect().Status(iris.StatusForbidden).
+		Body().Equal("NOT_OK_firstsecond")
+	// Author's note: <-- if that fails means that the last binder called for both input args,
+	// see path_param_binder.go
+
+	e.GET("/text/and/content/type").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		ContentType("text/html", "utf-8").
+		Body().Equal("<b>text</b>")
+
+	e.GET("/custom/response").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		ContentType("text/html", "utf-8").
+		Body().Equal("<b>text</b>")
+	e.GET("/custom/response/with/status/ok").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		ContentType("text/html", "utf-8").
+		Body().Equal("<b>OK</b>")
+	e.GET("/custom/response/with/status/not/ok").Expect().Status(iris.StatusInternalServerError).
+		ContentType("text/html", "utf-8").
+		Body().Equal("<b>internal server error</b>")
+
+	expectedResultFromCustomStruct := map[string]interface{}{
+		"name": "Iris",
+		"age":  2,
+	}
+	e.GET("/custom/struct").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		JSON().Equal(expectedResultFromCustomStruct)
+	e.GET("/custom/struct/with/status/not/ok").Expect().Status(iris.StatusInternalServerError).
+		JSON().Equal(expectedResultFromCustomStruct)
+	e.GET("/custom/struct/with/content/type").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		ContentType("text/xml", "utf-8")
+	e.GET("/custom/struct/with/error").Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).
+		JSON().Equal(expectedResultFromCustomStruct)
+	e.GET("/custom/struct/with/error").WithQuery("err", true).Expect().
+		Status(iris.StatusBadRequest). // the default status code if error is not nil
+		// the content should be not JSON it should be the status code's text
+		// it will fire the error's text
+		Body().Equal("omit return of testCustomStruct and fire error")
+}

hero/handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero/di"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/golog"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+)
+
+var contextTyp = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
+
+// IsContext returns true if the "inTyp" is a type of Context.
+func IsContext(inTyp reflect.Type) bool {
+	return inTyp.Implements(contextTyp)
+}
+
+// checks if "handler" is context.Handler: func(context.Context).
+func isContextHandler(handler interface{}) (context.Handler, bool) {
+	h, is := handler.(context.Handler)
+	if !is {
+		fh, is := handler.(func(context.Context))
+		if is {
+			return fh, is
+		}
+	}
+	return h, is
+}
+
+func validateHandler(handler interface{}) error {
+	if typ := reflect.TypeOf(handler); !di.IsFunc(typ) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("handler expected to be a kind of func but got typeof(%s)", typ.String())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// makeHandler accepts a "handler" function which can accept any input arguments that match
+// with the "values" types and any output result, that matches the hero types, like string, int (string,int),
+// custom structs, Result(View | Response) and anything that you can imagine,
+// and returns a low-level `context/iris.Handler` which can be used anywhere in the Iris Application,
+// as middleware or as simple route handler or party handler or subdomain handler-router.
+func makeHandler(handler interface{}, values ...reflect.Value) (context.Handler, error) {
+	if err := validateHandler(handler); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if h, is := isContextHandler(handler); is {
+		golog.Warnf("the standard API to register a context handler could be used instead")
+		return h, nil
+	}
+
+	fn := reflect.ValueOf(handler)
+	n := fn.Type().NumIn()
+
+	if n == 0 {
+		h := func(ctx context.Context) {
+			DispatchFuncResult(ctx, fn.Call(di.EmptyIn))
+		}
+
+		return h, nil
+	}
+
+	funcInjector := di.Func(fn, values...)
+	valid := funcInjector.Length == n
+
+	if !valid {
+		// is invalid when input len and values are not match
+		// or their types are not match, we will take look at the
+		// second statement, here we will re-try it
+		// using binders for path parameters: string, int, int64, bool.
+		// We don't have access to the path, so neither to the macros here,
+		// but in mvc. So we have to do it here.
+		if valid = funcInjector.Retry(new(params).resolve); !valid {
+			pc := fn.Pointer()
+			fpc := runtime.FuncForPC(pc)
+			callerFileName, callerLineNumber := fpc.FileLine(pc)
+			callerName := fpc.Name()
+
+			err := fmt.Errorf("input arguments length(%d) and valid binders length(%d) are not equal for typeof '%s' which is defined at %s:%d by %s",
+				n, funcInjector.Length, fn.Type().String(), callerFileName, callerLineNumber, callerName)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	h := func(ctx context.Context) {
+		// in := make([]reflect.Value, n, n)
+		// funcInjector.Inject(&in, reflect.ValueOf(ctx))
+		// DispatchFuncResult(ctx, fn.Call(in))
+		DispatchFuncResult(ctx, funcInjector.Call(reflect.ValueOf(ctx)))
+	}
+
+	return h, nil
+
+}

hero/handler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package hero_test
+
+// black-box
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/httptest"
+
+	. "github.com/kataras/iris/hero"
+)
+
+// dynamic func
+type testUserStruct struct {
+	ID       int64
+	Username string
+}
+
+func testBinderFunc(ctx iris.Context) testUserStruct {
+	id, _ := ctx.Params().GetInt64("id")
+	username := ctx.Params().Get("username")
+	return testUserStruct{
+		ID:       id,
+		Username: username,
+	}
+}
+
+// service
+type (
+	// these TestService and TestServiceImpl could be in lowercase, unexported
+	// but the `Say` method should be exported however we have those exported
+	// because of the controller handler test.
+	TestService interface {
+		Say(string) string
+	}
+	TestServiceImpl struct {
+		prefix string
+	}
+)
+
+func (s *TestServiceImpl) Say(message string) string {
+	return s.prefix + " " + message
+}
+
+var (
+	// binders, as user-defined
+	testBinderFuncUserStruct = testBinderFunc
+	testBinderService        = &TestServiceImpl{prefix: "say"}
+	testBinderFuncParam      = func(ctx iris.Context) string {
+		return ctx.Params().Get("param")
+	}
+
+	// consumers
+	// a context as first input arg, which is not needed to be binded manually,
+	// and a user struct which is binded to the input arg by the #1 func(ctx) any binder.
+	testConsumeUserHandler = func(ctx iris.Context, user testUserStruct) {
+		ctx.JSON(user)
+	}
+
+	// just one input arg, the service which is binded by the #2 service binder.
+	testConsumeServiceHandler = func(service TestService) string {
+		return service.Say("something")
+	}
+	// just one input arg, a standar string which is binded by the #3 func(ctx) any binder.
+	testConsumeParamHandler = func(myParam string) string {
+		return "param is: " + myParam
+	}
+)
+
+func TestHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	Register(testBinderFuncUserStruct, testBinderService, testBinderFuncParam)
+	var (
+		h1 = Handler(testConsumeUserHandler)
+		h2 = Handler(testConsumeServiceHandler)
+		h3 = Handler(testConsumeParamHandler)
+	)
+
+	testAppWithHeroHandlers(t, h1, h2, h3)
+}
+
+func testAppWithHeroHandlers(t *testing.T, h1, h2, h3 iris.Handler) {
+	app := iris.New()
+	app.Get("/{id:long}/{username:string}", h1)
+	app.Get("/service", h2)
+	app.Get("/param/{param:string}", h3)
+
+	expectedUser := testUserStruct{
+		ID:       42,
+		Username: "kataras",
+	}
+
+	e := httptest.New(t, app)
+	// 1
+	e.GET(fmt.Sprintf("/%d/%s", expectedUser.ID, expectedUser.Username)).Expect().Status(httptest.StatusOK).
+		JSON().Equal(expectedUser)
+	// 2
+	e.GET("/service").Expect().Status(httptest.StatusOK).
+		Body().Equal("say something")
+	// 3
+	e.GET("/param/the_param_value").Expect().Status(httptest.StatusOK).
+		Body().Equal("param is: the_param_value")
+}
+
+// TestBindFunctionAsFunctionInputArgument tests to bind
+// a whole dynamic function based on the current context
+// as an input argument in the hero handler's function.
+func TestBindFunctionAsFunctionInputArgument(t *testing.T) {
+	app := iris.New()
+	postsBinder := func(ctx iris.Context) func(string) string {
+		return ctx.PostValue // or FormValue, the same here.
+	}
+
+	h := New().Register(postsBinder).Handler(func(get func(string) string) string {
+		// send the `ctx.PostValue/FormValue("username")` value
+		// to the client.
+		return get("username")
+	})
+
+	app.Post("/", h)
+
+	e := httptest.New(t, app)
+
+	expectedUsername := "kataras"
+	e.POST("/").WithFormField("username", expectedUsername).
+		Expect().Status(iris.StatusOK).Body().Equal(expectedUsername)
+}

hero/hero.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/hero/di"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/golog"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+)
+
+// def is the default herp value which can be used for dependencies share.
+var def = New()
+
+// Hero contains the Dependencies which will be binded
+// to the controller(s) or handler(s) that can be created
+// using the Hero's `Handler` and `Controller` methods.
+//
+// This is not exported for being used by everyone, use it only when you want
+// to share heroes between multi mvc.go#Application
+// or make custom hero handlers that can be used on the standard
+// iris' APIBuilder. The last one reason is the most useful here,
+// although end-devs can use the `MakeHandler` as well.
+//
+// For a more high-level structure please take a look at the "mvc.go#Application".
+type Hero struct {
+	values di.Values
+}
+
+// New returns a new Hero, a container for dependencies and a factory
+// for handlers and controllers, this is used internally by the `mvc#Application` structure.
+// Please take a look at the structure's documentation for more information.
+func New() *Hero {
+	return &Hero{
+		values: di.NewValues(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns the dependencies collection if the default hero,
+// those can be modified at any way but before the consumer `Handler`.
+func Dependencies() *di.Values {
+	return def.Dependencies()
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns the dependencies collection of this hero,
+// those can be modified at any way but before the consumer `Handler`.
+func (h *Hero) Dependencies() *di.Values {
+	return &h.values
+}
+
+// Register adds one or more values as dependencies.
+// The value can be a single struct value-instance or a function
+// which has one input and one output, the input should be
+// an `iris.Context` and the output can be any type, that output type
+// will be binded to the handler's input argument, if matching.
+//
+// Example: `.Register(loggerService{prefix: "dev"}, func(ctx iris.Context) User {...})`.
+func Register(values ...interface{}) *Hero {
+	return def.Register(values...)
+}
+
+// Register adds one or more values as dependencies.
+// The value can be a single struct value-instance or a function
+// which has one input and one output, the input should be
+// an `iris.Context` and the output can be any type, that output type
+// will be binded to the handler's input argument, if matching.
+//
+// Example: `.Register(loggerService{prefix: "dev"}, func(ctx iris.Context) User {...})`.
+func (h *Hero) Register(values ...interface{}) *Hero {
+	h.values.Add(values...)
+	return h
+}
+
+// Clone creates and returns a new hero with the default Dependencies.
+// It copies the default's dependencies and returns a new hero.
+func Clone() *Hero {
+	return def.Clone()
+}
+
+// Clone creates and returns a new hero with the parent's(current) Dependencies.
+// It copies the current "h" dependencies and returns a new hero.
+func (h *Hero) Clone() *Hero {
+	child := New()
+	child.values = h.values.Clone()
+	return child
+}
+
+// Handler accepts a "handler" function which can accept any input arguments that match
+// with the Hero's `Dependencies` and any output result; like string, int (string,int),
+// custom structs, Result(View | Response) and anything you can imagine.
+// It returns a standard `iris/context.Handler` which can be used anywhere in an Iris Application,
+// as middleware or as simple route handler or subdomain's handler.
+func Handler(handler interface{}) context.Handler {
+	return def.Handler(handler)
+}
+
+// Handler accepts a handler "fn" function which can accept any input arguments that match
+// with the Hero's `Dependencies` and any output result; like string, int (string,int),
+// custom structs, Result(View | Response) and anything you can imagine.
+// It returns a standard `iris/context.Handler` which can be used anywhere in an Iris Application,
+// as middleware or as simple route handler or subdomain's handler.
+func (h *Hero) Handler(fn interface{}) context.Handler {
+	handler, err := makeHandler(fn, h.values.Clone()...)
+	if err != nil {
+		golog.Errorf("hero handler: %v", err)
+	}
+	return handler
+}

hero/param.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+)
+
+// weak because we don't have access to the path, neither
+// the macros, so this is just a guess based on the index of the path parameter,
+// the function's path parameters should be like a chain, in the same order as
+// the caller registers a route's path.
+// A context or any value(s) can be in front or back or even between them.
+type params struct {
+	// the next function input index of where the next path parameter
+	// should be inside the CONTEXT.
+	next int
+}
+
+func (p *params) resolve(index int, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	currentParamIndex := p.next
+	v, ok := resolveParam(currentParamIndex, typ)
+
+	p.next = p.next + 1
+	return v, ok
+}
+
+func resolveParam(currentParamIndex int, typ reflect.Type) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	var fn interface{}
+
+	switch typ.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Int:
+		fn = func(ctx context.Context) int {
+			// the second "ok/found" check is not necessary,
+			// because even if the entry didn't found on that "index"
+			// it will return an empty entry which will return the
+			// default value passed from the xDefault(def) because its `ValueRaw` is nil.
+			entry, _ := ctx.Params().GetEntryAt(currentParamIndex)
+			v, _ := entry.IntDefault(0)
+			return v
+		}
+	case reflect.Int64:
+		fn = func(ctx context.Context) int64 {
+			entry, _ := ctx.Params().GetEntryAt(currentParamIndex)
+			v, _ := entry.Int64Default(0)
+
+			return v
+		}
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		fn = func(ctx context.Context) bool {
+			entry, _ := ctx.Params().GetEntryAt(currentParamIndex)
+			v, _ := entry.BoolDefault(false)
+			return v
+		}
+	case reflect.String:
+		fn = func(ctx context.Context) string {
+			entry, _ := ctx.Params().GetEntryAt(currentParamIndex)
+			// print(entry.Key + " with index of: ")
+			// print(currentParamIndex)
+			// println(" and value: " + entry.String())
+			return entry.String()
+		}
+	default:
+		return reflect.Value{}, false
+	}
+
+	return reflect.ValueOf(fn), true
+}

hero/param_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+)
+
+func TestPathParams(t *testing.T) {
+	got := ""
+	h := New()
+	handler := h.Handler(func(firstname string, lastname string) {
+		got = firstname + lastname
+	})
+
+	h.Register(func(ctx context.Context) func() string { return func() string { return "" } })
+	handlerWithOther := h.Handler(func(f func() string, firstname string, lastname string) {
+		got = f() + firstname + lastname
+	})
+
+	handlerWithOtherBetweenThem := h.Handler(func(firstname string, f func() string, lastname string) {
+		got = f() + firstname + lastname
+	})
+
+	ctx := context.NewContext(nil)
+	ctx.Params().Set("firstname", "Gerasimos")
+	ctx.Params().Set("lastname", "Maropoulos")
+	handler(ctx)
+	expected := "GerasimosMaropoulos"
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("expected the params 'firstname' + 'lastname' to be '%s' but got '%s'", expected, got)
+	}
+
+	got = ""
+	handlerWithOther(ctx)
+	expected = "GerasimosMaropoulos"
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("expected the params 'firstname' + 'lastname' to be '%s' but got '%s'", expected, got)
+	}
+
+	got = ""
+	handlerWithOtherBetweenThem(ctx)
+	expected = "GerasimosMaropoulos"
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("expected the params 'firstname' + 'lastname' to be '%s' but got '%s'", expected, got)
+	}
+
+}

hero/session.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package hero
+
+import (
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/context"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/sessions"
+)
+
+// Session is a binder that will fill a *sessions.Session function input argument
+// or a Controller struct's field.
+func Session(sess *sessions.Sessions) func(context.Context) *sessions.Session {
+	return sess.Start
+}

mvc/AUTHORS

@@ -1,4 +1 @@
-# This is the official list of Iris MVC authors for copyright
-# purposes.
-
 Gerasimos Maropoulos <kataras2006@hotmail.com>

mvc/controller_method_result_test.go

@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ import (
 	. "github.com/kataras/iris/mvc"
 )
 
-// activator/methodfunc/func_caller.go.
-// and activator/methodfunc/func_result_dispatcher.go
-
 type testControllerMethodResult struct {
 	Ctx context.Context
 }

mvc/session.go

@@ -5,13 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/kataras/iris/sessions"
 )
 
-// Session -> TODO: think of move all bindings to
-// a different folder like "bindings"
-// so it will be used as .Bind(bindings.Session(manager))
-// or let it here but change the rest of the binding names as well
-// because they are not "binders", their result are binders to be precise.
+// Session is a binder that will fill a *sessions.Session function input argument
+// or a Controller struct's field.
 func Session(sess *sessions.Sessions) func(context.Context) *sessions.Session {
-	return func(ctx context.Context) *sessions.Session {
-		return sess.Start(ctx)
-	}
+	return sess.Start
 }